Ladies and Gentlemen, we got 'em.
For reference of those who see this post in the future, this was a conversion of a CR 10 to a Duet controller with a new hemera. None of these components had been tested before, so it was all new.
In order to account for these changes, I created a new profile for the printer in Cura. My mistake was not checking the "extruder" portion of the configuration.
It was set to a filament diameter of 2.85mm instead of 1.75mm. This explains why I could somewhat fix the issue when I set my extrusion factor to 150%.
After making the change, and reslicing, the first few benchy layers appear to have the issue fixed.
Thank you to all of you who posted with ideas for help. Luckily it appears this solution was simple.