I am back with the actual results:
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I ran the exact same GCode with M221 and M592 enabled and measured all prints again.
There seems to be an effect there, at least the 10-30 mm/s range does look flatter to me. But it is hard to say anything definitive compared to the measurement noise.
On the other hand, if 90 mm/s print speed (~10 mm³/s flow rate) is a hard maximum for the V6 hotends increasing the extrusion rate should not really do anything there. So maybe my calibration routine is somewhat flawed.