@deckingman Replacing the P1 with P0 in the config file was the trick! Now the retract option is available immediately when I activate the hot end heater, and when it reaches 160c, the extrude option is now available. Hooray! Again, it's just odd that everything worked with that exact same config in the previous interface.
Thank you to everyone for the help! I really appreciate it!
Thanks so much to the both of you for all of your input, directions, and suggestions! After stuffing myself with turkey today, I was able to get the Z probe set up for Z homing, at least as a temporary solution. My Z motors are falling out of alignment with each other just from constant Duet restarts after config file changes, so I’ll be getting individual Z endstops set up ASAP.
Thanks again!
@jay_s_uk Thank you! I for sure ran the M997 B69 after replacing the .bin file on the SD card last night, but maybe something got mixed up when moving bin files around.
I'll try it all again tonight. Much appreciated!
Actually, I spent all last night trying everything imaginable and finally I got it figured out. Somehow, the spring that tensions the filament to the extruder gear settled in or got soft at the same time I switched over to the carriage I made to house the Precision Piezo. This was causing the extruder gear to slip on the filament when it needed to feed quicker, but was still fine at slower speeds.
I chased my tail a little bit so I had to bring all the other settings back to normal once the tension was fixed, but now everything is working great.
Thanks for everyone's help, and sorry for wasting your time 
On the plus side, I learned quite a bit by going through everything to try and figure it out.
@oliof
Thanks very much, I'm not now getting a connection through CAN-FD to the SZP Board. For further searches, I did have to solder the termination jumper on the back of the SZP board.
Much appreciated!