@jrsphoto The ability to set negative numbers with M208 allows the firmware to know exactly how far off the bed the carriages can move. This is important if you have an offset probe, because you may need to probe a point close to the edge, which causes the nozzle (which is usually the reference point) to be off the bed. The firmware will know if it's possible for the probe to reach that point, because of the M208 settings. Perhaps it's best to think of M208 as showing the 'bounds' of the machine, while the numbers show where the bed actually is relative to the homing positions.
When printing, it's the job of the slicer to generate code that keeps the printer within the boundaries of the bed. There are some exceptions (eg delta printers have a 'print radius' in config.g), so setting up the slicer correctly also helps. There's also M564 S0, which will allow movement outside the boundaries set by M208.
Also, the machine can't know that it's not supposed to go beyond 0. Many people have (including myself, and everyone who uses a Delta printer) have the origin (X0 Y0) at the centre of the bed.
Ian