Thank you very much for evry answer. I think first of all I should check the PWM Frequency (Q-Parameter) and change it to 5 Hz as the data sheet says.
I've already ordered a 230V heating bed. So my amps will be much lower. Finally I will install a bimetal switch (130°C) as a thermal fuse to guarantee fire safety...
But I am very thankful for the tip about the PWM Frequency... So far no one could give me an explanation why the SSR got defective.