@hezekiah Soldering looks fine. If it's a hardware fault, the processor may get hot pretty quickly after starting up, even on USB power. Does it?
You said "I’ve only used the SD card for the original set up and then this recent stirring of attempted updates." Have you been using the board on a machine between these two times? Just trying to ascertain if it's been working, or if you did initial setup, then left it until now.
I'd have a close look at the SD cards. If possible, put the 'freshly reformatted' one in your PC and see how you formatted it; maybe it is formatted incorrectly. I think you have already, but best to format both cards again (backup Duet files first) with the official SD Card formatter https://www.sdcard.org/downloads/formatter/index.html and try each.
It may help to update the firmware. As the card isn't working, it's probably best to do the firmware erase and flash using the Bossa program on a PC connected by USB. See https://duet3d.dozuki.com/Wiki/Installing_and_Updating_Firmware#Section_Fallback_procedure_Num_3
Ian